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Earthquake


Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crest, sending out a series of shock waves in all direction from its focus.  The waves are called Seismic Waves and the point from where these waves are initiated is called Focus Point (hypocenter). Such waves move perpendicular and reaches a point when they can be felt, it is called Epicenter; this is the most affected/destructed part of the earth by earthquake. The field of study that deals with the earthquake is called Seismology, and the scale on which the earthquake is measured is called Richter scale.

Types of Seismic Waves:

(i) P waves: These waves are called primary waves. These waves reach the crest before other types of waves so are called primary waves.  P waves can travel in all the form of matter i.e. Solid, Liquid. These are also known as longitudinal waves. These are the highest speed waves about 7-8km/sec. 

(ii) S Waves: These are called secondary Waves. These waves reach the crest after primary waves. They can’t travel in liquid matter and can only travel in solid part of the earth. These are also known as Transverse Waves.  Their speed is about 6-7km/sec.  Both P and S waves jointly known as Body Waves.

(iii) L Waves: These are the most destructive waves, move with the speed of 3-4Km/sec.  Because of slower speed they reach the earth’s crest at last.

Causes of Earthquake:

(i) Plate Tectonic Boundaries.  Convergent and Transformational Boundaries.  
(ii) Volcanic Eruption.
(iii) Man Made: Mining, drilling etc.

Effects of Earthquake: 
(i)      Primary Effects: Destruction of Roads, buildings, catching fire etc.

(ii) Secondary Effects: Deceases, Tides, power-cut, tele-communicational disturbance, transformational problems etc.     

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