In
1989 “End of History” an essay, was written by Francis Fukuyama which was
published in an international-affairs journal “National Interest”. In this essay Fukuyama stated that it is not
just the end of cold war and/or period of post-cold war history; it is the end
of history where the search of ideological evolution has come to its end and
the mankind has reached to the Universalization of Western Liberal
Democracy as the best and final version of human government. The Capitalistic
and Democratic System of United States has been displaced the Communism
of Soviet Union. At the end of the cold war the president of the United
States Mr. Bush (senior) said, “Now there will be new world-order in this
world” means the democracy and capitalism.
Criticism:
The Fukuyama faced abundant criticism which was mostly
because of misinterpretation of his article. The Neorealist philosophers state
that the capitalism is linked with “Free-Trade” which is the major cause of
south-north conflicts. The northern countries exploit southern countries in the
name of free-trade which is not really free in actual market. The rich and
developed countries subsidize their agricultural sector so that the product
cost could be reduced so will the prices. This makes the poor countries suffer
from price difference dilemma.
Dependency Theory also
negates the capitalism as the best form practice since it states that the
capitalist countries with the help of globalization, free-trade and MNCs makes
the developing countries their dependent, and this dependency helps rich
economies exploit poor economies by imposing conditions of their interests.
Such conditions may or may not go against one’s national interest, security or
sovereignty.
Word System Theory
is another stumbling block for Liberal Democracy that promotes capitalism. This
theory projects the negative aspects of capitalism and argues that in world
system the rich and developed countries get the benefits out of it while the
poor and underdeveloped countries are exploited.
Neo-Marxism
theory is an economic theory that the current world
economic structure has been systematically implemented by use of a global class
division with developing countries being exploited by industrialized nations.
Neo-Marxism is often used to describe opposition to inequalities experienced by
under developed countries in the global world.
Misinterpretation:
Fukuyama stated
that it has been proven since the French Revolution that the democracy is way
better than any other alternative system of government through every aspect.
However, his essay was basically misinterpreted and mostly readers confused the
“History” with the “Event”. The argued that the history of evolution for the
better government system has been come to its end, however the events would surely
continue to be happened in future. The democracy might face resistance for the
shorter period but in long-term it would definitely prevail.
Some of the criticizers argued that the Fukuyama promoted
the American model of democracy to be
the best form of democracy and argued that all other countries must follow this
system without any hesitation. However, the supporter of Fukuyama states this
is the wrong perception taken out of the article written by Fukuyama, they
further added that he argued about the escalation of parliamentary democratic
governments in future along with the rise of certain sort of markets.
Arguments
in Favor:
Democratic
Peace Theory is the best favorable argument for
Fukuyama’s article. This theory argues that the mature democracies never go in
war with each other; this explains the point of Fukuyama as democracy being the
best form of government. However, this theory itself faced criticism because of
the terms used in definition i.e. “Mature” and “War”.
European Union is the other
favorable argument for Fukuyama’s article where the democratic countries bonded
in a trade agreement and despite of their political disputes they didn’t go in
war and never let their disputes come in the way of trade. This trade agreement
for sure brought benefit to each and every member state of the union.
Conclusion:
It can now be
concluded that democracy is better form of government out of all available
alternatives, however the improvements are still required in this system which
would definitely be evolved steadily by the passage of time. The Capitalism is
not bad for economies if implemented in a sense that generate absolute benefits
and the edge and little favor are given to the poor states rather than
exploiting them. ASEAN and European Union are the best example where the member
states got benefits from free-trade in real form capitalism. Since the word
system is now Unipolar and U.S is the ultimate world power, so U.S must act
like an international police and must streamline the free-trade policies for
the betterment of world economy.
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